FA Gang Stuffs: EK Kamre ka Tribal University

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Pioneers of Adivasi movement in India

gaon chodab nahi (we will not leave our village)

http://www.youtube.com/v/8M5aeMpzOLU?autohide=1&version=3&attribution_tag=4dB-oRdm7_vr4Tscg5BvbA&autoplay=1&showinfo=1&autohide=1&feature=share

Short History of Formation of Jharkhand State

Introduction

Jharkhand means a forest country. This region lies in the southern part of Bihar embracing Santhalparganas and Chhotanagpur. It comprises of 18 districts. It is a plateau about 3000 feet above sea level. The highest part of the plateau is Netarhat which has an elevation of 3600 ft. The Parasnath Hill is the highest point with an elevation of 4800 feet. The plateau is full of mountain ranges covered with dense forests. A number of rivers and rivulets flow down through the hilly terrains and valleys.

1. Genesis of Jharkhand Movement

This may be divided into three parts (a) Bloody revolts of the tribals (b) Moderate socio-economic movements (c) the political movements.

(a) The bloody revolts: The period of bloody revolts of the adivasees to protect their Jharkhand land took place from 1771 to 1900 AD. The first ever revolt against the landlords and the British government was led by Tilka Manjhi, a valiant Santhal leader in Santal tribal belt in 1771. He wanted to liberate his people from the clutches of the unscrupulous landlords and restore the lands of their ancestors. The British government sent its troops and crushed the uprisings of Tilka Manjhi. Soon after in 1779, the Bhumij tribes rose in arms against the British rule in Manbhum, now in West Bengal. This was followed by the Chero tribes unrest in Palamau. They revolted against the British Rule in 1800 AD. Hardly seven years later in 1807, the Oraons in Barway murdered their big landlord of Srinagar west of Gumla. Soon the uprisings spread around Gumla. The tribal uprisings spread eastward to neighbouring Tamar areas of the Munda tribes. They too rose in revolt in 1811 and 1813. The Hos in Singhbhum were growing restless and came out in open revolt in 1820 and fought against the landlords and the British troops for two years. This is called the Larka Kol Risings 1820-1821. Then came the great Kol Risings of 1832. This was the first biggest tribal revolt that greatly upset the British administration in Jharkhand. It was caused by an attempt of the Zamindars to oust the tribal peasants from their hereditary possessions. The Santhal insurrection broke out in 1855 under the leadership of two brothers Sidhu and Kanhu. They fought bitterly against the British troops but finally they too were crashed down.

Then Birsa Munda revolt broke out in 1895 and lasted till 1900. The revolt though mainly concentrated in the Munda belt of Khunti, Tamar, Sarwada and Bandgaon, pulled its supporters from Oraon belt of Lohardaga, Sisai and even Barway. It was the longest and the greatest tribal revolt in Jharkhand. It was also the last bloody tribal revolt in Jharkhand.

(b) Moderate movements of 20^th century: The 20^th century Jharkhand movement may be seen as moderate movement as compared to the bloody revolts of the 19^th century. Having the Chhotanagpur Tenancy Act 1908 to protect their lands, the tribal leaders now turned to socio-economic development of the people. In 1914 Jatra Oraon started what is called the Tana Movement. Later this movement joined the Satyagrah Movement of Mahatma Gandhi in 1920 and stopped giving land tax to the Government. In 1915 the Chotanagpur Unnati Samaj was started for the socio-economic development of the tribals. This organisation had also political objectives in mind. When the Simon Commission in 1928 came to Patna the Chotanagpur Unnati Samaj sent its delegation and placed its demand for a separate Jharkhand State for self-rule by the tribals. The Simon Commission however did not accede to the demand for a separate Jharkhand State. Thereafter Theble Oraon organised Kishan Sabha in 1931. In 1935 the Chotanagpur Unnati Samaj and the Kishan Sabha were merged with a view to acquire political power subsequently.

(c) Jharkhand Party: Political Movement: In 1939 Jaipal Singh was invited to come to Ranchi from Darjeeling to join Adivasi Mahasabha. He came and joined the Adivasee Mahasabha and was elected its President. After the independence of the country, the Adivasee Mahasabha was given the name of Jharkhand Party. Jaipal Singh remained the President of the Jharkhand Party from 1939 to 1960.

The Jharkhand Party grew stronger politically gradually but various Commissions examining the demands for a separate Jharkhand State rejected its demand one after another. In August 1947 the Thakkar Commission rejected it saying that it would not be to the advantage of the adivasees. In 1948 Dar Commission also examined the demand for a separate Jharkhand state but rejected it on linguistic grounds. Despite these reports of these Commissions going negative in nature, Jharkhand Party never lost sight of its ultimate target – a separate state of Jharkhand. It fought first General Election in 1952 and won 32 seats in the Bihar Assembly. In the second General Election in 1957 too Jharkhand Party won 32 seats and for two terms the party remained the leading opposition party. In 1955 the Report of the State Reorganisation Commission came out. Here too the demand for a separate Jharkhand state was rejected. In the third general election in 1962 the party could win only 23 seats in the Bihar Assembly. Personal interests of the Jharkhand leaders started playing upper hands. The party merged with the Congress Party in 1963.

In the 4^th General Election held in 1967 the party had a very poor show. It could win only 8 seats. The party was soon split into several splinter groups each claiming to be the genuine Jharkhand party. These were All India Jharkhand Party of Bagun Sumroi, Jharkhand Party of N.E. Horo, Hul Jharkhand Party of Justin Richard which further got fragmented and was called Bihar Progressive Hul Jharkhand Party led by Sibu Soren. Finally in 1973 Jharkhand Mukti Morcha was formed under the leadership of Sibu Soren. In 1986 All Jharkhand Students Union (AJSU) made its appearance on the political stage. In order to keep all these political parties in good humour, the Bihar Government brought out several Committees like Jharkhand Coordination Committee (JCC), a Committee on Jharkhand matters, Jharkhand Peoples Party (JPP) led by Dr. Ram Dayal Munda. All political parties carrying with themselves the name of Jharkhand gradually dwindled except the Jharkhand Mukti Morcha led by Sibu Soren.

Creation of a new Jharkhand State

In a historic move both the houses of Parliament passed the Bihar Reorganisation Bill – 2000 during the first week of August and the President gave his assent to it a few days later. With this the stage is all set for the formal beginning of the governance of the new Jharkhand state from the 15^th of November 2000. This witnesses the fulfilment of the long cherished dream of the people of Chhotanagpur and Santhalparganas for a separate state of Jharkhand. The new state will comprise of 18 districts in Santalparganas and Chotanagpur. These districts are: Ranchi, Gumla, Lohardaga, Singhbhum East, Singhbhum West, Palamau, Garhwa, Hazaribagh, Chatra, Koderma, Bokaro, Dhanbad, Giridih, Deoghar, Godda, Dumka, Pakur and Sahibganj. There will be 81 assembly seats, 14 Lok Sabha seats and 6 Raj Sabha seats in the new state. Partywise break up in the new assembly is given below:

Total Strength : 81

(1) BJP : 32

(2) Samta + JD(U) : 8

(3) Congress : 11

(4) JMM(S) : 12

(5) RJD : 9

(6) Others : 9

Population Profile

As per the census of 1991, the total population of Bihar is 8,63,74,465. Out of this the total population of a new state will be about 3 crore. So the population ratio between the truncated state and the new state will be 65:35. The tribal population in the Jharkhand State will be about 54 lakh representing 27.8 per cent of the total population of the new state. The total area of the new state is 79,714 sq.km.

Tribals in the State

There are 30 tribes and sub tribes in the Jharkhand region. The major tribes being Santhals, Oraons, Mundas, Kharias, Hos, Cheros, Kherwars, Korwas, Bihores etc. Major dialects in the State are Santhali, Kurukh, Mundari, Kharia, Ho, Sadri, Chotanagpuri etc.

Enormous Natural Resources

Jharkhand is endowed abundantly with mineral resources like iron ore, coal, mica, uranium, bouxite copper, chromite, limestone, gold, aluminium, china clay, silica, dolomite etc. The Jharkhand state accounts for 37.5 per cent of India’s coal reserves, 40 per cent of copper, 22 per cent of iron ore, 90 per cent of mica and huge deposits of other minerals.

Situation of Adivasi in Gujarat

Of total population, the population of scheduled tribes (ST - also called ‘tribal’ and ‘Adivasi’) is 15%, i.e. about 75 lakhs in Gujarat. In Gujarat 28 scheduled tribes are enlisted and of them 8 are primitive tribes, mainly belong to Gir, Barda and Alech forests (mainly Junagadh and Jamnagar district in western Gujarat) and Ahmedabad district in central Gujarat. About 21 tribes are spread over 12 districts (north-eastern belt) in Gujarat. 

The major problems of the tribes in north Gujarat (Banaskantha, Sabarkantha, Panchmahal, Dahod and Vadodara districts) are – lower level of literacy, unemployment,  high degree of migration in search of livelihood, no access to forest or forest produce and high incidences of sickle cell anemia. 

The tribes of south Gujarat (Bharuch, Narmada, Surat, Tapi, Valsad, Navsari, Dang districts) have reported higher level of literacy but unemployment,  high degree of migration in search of livelihood, high incidences of sickle cell anemia and little access to forest or forest produce are persistent problems. Gandhians have contributed to higher level of literacy but the major lacuna has been innovativeness and meaningful employment for these adivasis.

The adivasis in South Gujarat face atrocities by forest officials very frequently and has reported highest number of displace people due to development projects like large scale dams on Tapi and Narmada as well as industrial estates as part of golden corridor of Gujarat. This has also resulted into loss of land, loss of access and control over forest and minor forest produce and the Tribals have turned into unskilled labourers, working in unorganized sectors. Therefore their living conditions have worsened, nutrition level has gone significantly down (at least 60-70% are malnourished) as per National Sample Survey Report of 2007.

The agriculture has been a main economic activity but due to large scale dams and wider forest cover, most of the farmers are marginal or small with small and medium landholding. But land alienation among adivasis is very rampant across north-eastern belt of Gujarat. It is reported that officially about 7-8% Tribals are alienated from land; informal survey reveal this extent to 15%. (Ganguly: 2000)

The Government of Gujarat has taken steps like launching JFM, Vanbandhu Yojana and such development programmes but its effect is limited in providing employment and better quality of life. 

Panchayati Raj Extension to Scheduled Areas Act, 1998 (PESA) was expected to provide opportunity to adivasis for local self-governance but it has not been implemented by the government. In this situation, tribal development has remained centralized and largely government dependent. 
Unfortunately, the industrial houses have not thought of engaging tribal educated youth meaningfully in respective units. 

BSC and Adivasi Sarvangi Vikas Sangh (ASVS) 

Background: Issues of Adivasis and capacitating ASVS 
ASVS (Adivasis Sarvangi Vikas Sangh) under the aegis of Behavioural Science Centre, Ahmedabad has been working since 1994, was registered in 1996 and been functioning autonomously since August 2009. 

BSC’s staff members are working very closely with ASVS staff members for carrying out various activities leading to ensure rights of Adivasis. The major tasks of BSC staff is to build capacity of local workers, providing direction to the programmes and activities carried out and undertake capacity and perspective building of Adivasi leaders, to enhance coordination between ASVS and women’s cooperative for effective functioning.

Initially it was working in 60 villages primarily with Dungari Bhil and Dungari garasiya tribes of Danta taluka, Banaskantha district in North Gujarat. Danta and Amirgadh do not belong to scheduled areas (Schedule V of Indian Constitution). Over the years, ASVS has evolved as an organization; it used to take up development activities (promoting livelihood through watershed management, building check-dams, implementing drought-relief programme, dairy cooperative, availing benefit of government schemes and programmes covered under Tribal Sub-plan, etc).

Since 2003, the area of operation has spread over to more than 310 villages in 6 taluka (blocks), i.e. Danta and Amirgadh talukas of Banaskantha district while Khedbrahma, Vijaynagar, Bhiloda and Megharaj taluka of Sabarkantha district. Since then, our activities are focused mainly on two aspects of Adivasi rights, namely, to access to forest, minor forest produce (MFP) and right to cultivate forest land. As per our mission and tradition, we also have focused on Adivasi leadership development and large scale mobilization and seeking benefits of government schemes and programmes by Adivasis in large numbers for their development. 

BSC has started and established Women’s Saving & Credit Cooperative (Shri hadad Adivasi Mahila Bachat and Dhiran Mandali) in 1997 and since 1st October 2008, it is also functioning autonomously. The then, its membership was 1,265 from 57 villages; total saving was Rs 14,93,280.50/-, out of which Rs. 10,92,588/- was given as credit - Rs. 671012 were recovered while Rs. 42,0576/- yet to be recovered. 

 http://www.bsc-sxnfes.net/adivasi-rights.aspx

A case of non-tribals challenging tribal rights

Bewildered by the way two non-tribals of Kulathupuzha in Kollam district have challenged awarding of title deeds to two landless Kani families in the same locality under provisions of the Forest Rights Act, the State Scheduled Tribes Development Department has started probing options to implead in the case.

The non-tribals had moved a munsiff court at Punalur last week for scraping the title deeds obtained by the Kani families, saying the land in question originally belonged to them. They claimed that they had been using the three acres of land for over half a century for agricultural purposes on lease from the tribal families. The court is likely to consider the case next week.

‘‘It’s a strange case of non-tribals claiming rights to traditional forest land inherited by local tribals from their forefathers. They filed the case against the tribals who obtained title deeds under the Forest Rights Act. Though the department is not a direct respondent in the case, we have started probing legal options, including impleading in the case,’’ said G. Rishikesan Nair, deputy director of the department, when contacted.

‘‘The complainants are not traditional forest dwellers and we have reasons to believe that the move is part of a larger bid to torpedo the ongoing land distribution by the department,’’ he said.

‘‘As per the law, land rights must be granted only to families which live within the forests for at least three generations. These people claim they had been holding the land on lease for just half a century. Taking tribal land on lease itself amounts to gross violation of the law,’’ he said.

‘‘The case will not withstand legal scrutiny. However, it is interesting to note non-tribals challenging tribal rights,’’ said C.R. Bijoy, activist for the Forest Rights Act.

http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/a-case-of-nontribals-challenging-tribal-rights/article5201446.ece

Bill on statutory status for SC, ST sub-plan in winter session - The Hindu

Bill on statutory status for SC, ST sub-plan in winter session - The Hindu

Waiting for a tribal Kanshi Ram - The Hindu

Waiting for a tribal Kanshi Ram - The Hindu

70 Adivasi villages will be displaced for construction of the giant statue of Sardar Vallavbhai Patel with the slogan of 'Uniting India'.

70 Adivasi villages will be displaced for construction of the giant statue of Sardar Vallavbhai Patel with the slogan of 'Uniting India'. But how could India be united by depriving the Adivasis from their own land just to show the world? Is this what Independence and Democracy can do to the Adivasi people? Who will raise the voice for the Adivasis? Everyone is very interested to be a part of the statue of V. Patel which is much bigger than the Statue of Liberty.
http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-10-16/news/43107113_1_70-villages-gujarat-government-sardar-sarovar-dam

Scheduled Tribes in Gujarat

The concentration of Scheduled Tribes is comparatively high in Gujarat. As per 2001 census, Scheduled Tribes comprise 14.76% of Gujarat's population with a population of 74.81 lakh.  The State ranks fifth in the country with respect to total ST population, following Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa and Bihar. In Gujarat, Scheduled Tribes mostly live in the areas along the State's eastern border. The tribal region consists of 43 tribal talukas, 15 pockets and four clusters covered under the 12 Integrated Tribal Development Projects. These areas are among the most backward in the State, characterized by hilly terrain, rocky soil, uncertain rainfall and the presence of large tracts of forest land. Agricultural land, forests and minerals are the main resources in the tribal region. List of Scheduled Tribes in Gujarat There are 29 Scheduled Tribes in Gujarat as given in the following table Sr. No. Notified Scheduled Tribes in Gujarat 1. Barda 2. Bavacha, Bamcha 3. Bharwad (in the Nesses of the forests of Alech, Barada and Gir) 4. Bhil, Bhil Garasia, Dholi Bhil, Dungri Bhil, Dungri Garasia, Mewasi Bhil, Rawal Bhil, Tadvi Bhil, Bhagalia Bhilala, Pwara, Vasava, Vasave 5. Charan (in the Nesses of the forests of Alech, Barada and Gir) 6. Chaudhri (in Surat, and Valsad districts) 7. Chodhara 8. Dhanka, Tadvi, Tetaria, Valvi 9. Dhodia, Dhodi 10. Dubla Talavia, Halpati 11. Gamit, Gamta, Gavit Mavchi, Padvi 12. Gond, Rajgond 13. Kathodi, Katkari, Dhor Kathodi, Dhor Katkari, Son Kathodi, Son Katkari 14. Kokna, Kokni, Kukna 15. Omitted 16. Koli Dhor, Tokre Koli, Kolcha, Kolgha 17. Kunbi (in the Dangs district) 18. Naikda, Nayaka, Cholivala Nayaka, Kapadia Nayaka, Mota Nayaka, Nana Nayaka 19. Padhar 20. Omitted 21. Pardhi, Advichincher, Phanse Pardhi (excluding Amreli, Bhavnagar, Jamnagar, Junagadh, Kutch, Rajkot and Surendranagar districts) 22. Patelia 23. Pomla 24. Rabari (in the Nesses of the forests of Alech, Barada and Gir) 25. Rathawa 26. Siddi, Siddi Badhah (in Amreli, Bhavnagar, Jamnagar, Junagadh, Rajkot and Surendranagar districts) 27. Omitted 28. Varli 29. Vitolia, Kotwalia, Barodia 30. Bhil, Bhilala, Barela, Patelia 31. Tadvi Bhil, Bawra, Vasave 32. Padvi

Tribals not safe in their own land

By : Alok K N Mishra, TNN | Aug 17, 2013, 02.53 AM IST, Times Of India

RANCHI: Cases of atrocities against tribals in the state are on the rise in Jharkhand. Tribals have been sandwiched, claim tribal leaders, between the Naxalites and the security forces in the forests despite the fact that the government has opened police stations in every district for a better outreach to them.

Atrocities against tribals include cruel and violent acts against them like kidnapping and abduction, rape,

 Murder, robbery, arson, skirmishes and other crimes.

These cases have witnessed over 100% growth in the past 10 years. In 2002, a total of 124 cases of crimes against members of the scheduled tribe were registered which was 287 in 2012. The total cases registered of crime committed against them were 125 in 2002. In 2012, it grew up to 696. The tribal leaders say that still a huge percentage of tribals do not go to register cases.

"The cases would grow manifold if all the tribals report them to police," said a tribal leader. The numbers have caught the attention of tribal leaders who have demanded implementation of domicile policy immediately.

"The government does not have any concern for tribals," said Salkhan Murmu, a tribal leader and strong votary of domicile policy. "The tribals would vanish if the government does not bring in the domicile policy to protect them," said Murmu.

Of the 32 tribes, around six are among the extremely endangered primitive tribes in the country. In 1940s, there were 50% tribals in Jharkhand. Today their population is roughly 25%.

"Where have they gone? No one has an answer," said Murmu.

Land sharks are roaming the state to capture tribal lands, said a leader.

A total of nine cases of skirmishes with tribals were reported in 2002. In 2012, a total of 77 cases of skirmishing with scheduled tribes were reported.

Under SC/ST Prevention of Atrocities Act, 40 cases were reported in 2002 while 133 cases were registered in 2012. Similarly a total of 13 rape cases were reported in 2002, 13 each in 2003 and 2004, 20 in 2005, 21 in 2006, 22 in 2007, 18 in 2008, 13 in 2009, 18 in 2010, 27 in 2011 and five in 2012.

The cases do not mirror the actual problems which tribals are facing in the state, said MLA and tribal leader Bandhu Tirkey. "They are innocent and thus used by everyone for their benefits," said Tirkey.

Surya Singh Besra, another tribal leader, pitched for domicile policy. "The tribals are victims of rampant violations of constitution, law and human rights," said Besra. Jharkhand is a 5th schedule state where the governor has never made any intervention to protect the tribals. The Union minister of tribal affairs V Kishore Chandra has written to Jharkhand governor to use his power to protect the rights of the tribals. The successive governments have also not done anything for the welfare of the tribals, added Besra.

DGP Rajiv Kumar, however, said it was a good sign that more cases were being registered in connection to crime against members of SC/ST.

FIFTH SCHEDULE OF CONSTITUTION OF INDIA

[Article 244(1)]

PROVISION AS TO THE ADMINISTRATION AND CONTROL OF SCHEDULED AREAS

AND SCHEDULED TRIBES

PART A

GENERAL

1. Interpretation.—In this Schedule, unless the context otherwise requires, the expression “State” does

not include the [States of Assam 3 [, 4 [ Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram.]]]

2. Executive power of a State in Scheduled Areas.—Subject to the provisions of this Schedule, the

executive power of a State extends to the Scheduled Areas therein.

3. Report by the Governor to the President regarding the administration of Scheduled Areas.—

The Governor of each State having Scheduled Areas therein shall annually, or whenever so required by the

President, make a report to the President regarding the administration of the Scheduled Areas in that State

and the executive power of the Union shall extend to the giving of directions to the State as to the

administration of the said areas.

PART B

ADMINISTRATION AND CONTROL OF SCHEDULED AREAS AND SCHEDULED TRIBES

4. Tribes Advisory Council.—(1) There shall be established in each State having Scheduled Areas therein

and, if the President so directs, also in any State having Scheduled Tribes but not Scheduled Areas therein,

a Tribes Advisory Council consisting of not more than twenty members of whom, as nearly as may be,

three-fourths shall be the representatives of the Scheduled Tribes in the Legislative Assembly of the State:

Provided that if the number of representatives of the Scheduled Tribes in the Legislative Assembly of the

State is less than the number of seats in the Tribes Advisory Council to be filled by such representatives, the

remaining seats shall be filled by other members of those tribes.

(2) It shall be the duty of the Tribes Advisory Council to advise on such matters pertaining to the welfare

and advancement of the Scheduled Tribes in the State as may be referred to them by the Governor.

(3) The Governor may make rules prescribing or regulating, as the case may be,

(a) the number of members of the Council, the mode of their appointment and the appointment of the

Chairman of the Council and of the officers and servants thereof;

(b) the conduct of its meetings and its procedure in general; and

(c) all other incidental matters.

5. Law applicable to Scheduled Areas.— (1) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, the Governor

may by public notification direct that any particular Act of Parliament or of the Legislature of the State shall

not apply to a Scheduled Area or any part thereof in the State or shall apply to a Scheduled Area or any

part thereof       in       the State     subject to such exceptions and modifications as he may specify in the

notification and any direction given under this sub-paragraph may be given so as to have retrospective

effect.

(2) The Governor may make regulations for the peace and good government of any area in a State which is

for the time being a Scheduled Area.

In particular and without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing power, such regulations may—

(a) prohibit or restrict the transfer of land by or among members of the Scheduled Tribes in such area;

(b) regulate the allotment of land to members of the Scheduled Tribes in such area;

(c) regulate the carrying on of business as money-lender by persons who lend money to members of the

Scheduled Tribes in such area.

(3) In making any such regulation as is referred to in sub-paragraph (2) of this paragraph, the Governor

may repeal or amend any Act of Parliament or of the Legislature of the State or any existing law which is for

the time being applicable to the area in question.

(4) All regulations made under this paragraph shall be submitted forthwith to the President and, until

assented to by him, shall have no effect.

(5) No regulation shall be made under this paragraph unless the Governor making the regulation has, in the

case where there is a Tribes Advisory Council for the State, consulted such Council.

PART C

SCHEDULED AREAS

6. Scheduled Areas.—(1) In this Constitution, the expression “Scheduled Areas” means such areas as the

President may by order declare to be Scheduled Areas.

(2) The President may at any time by order —

(a) direct that the whole or any specified part of a Scheduled Area shall cease to be a Scheduled Area or a

part of such an area;

[(aa) increase the area of any Scheduled Area in a State after consultation with the Governor of that State;]

(b) alter, but only by way of rectification of boundaries, any Scheduled Area;

(c) on any alteration of the boundaries of a State or on the admission into the Union or the establishment of

a new State, declare any territory not previously included in any State to be, or to form part of, a Scheduled

Area;

[(d) rescind, in relation to any State or States, any order or orders made under this paragraph, and in

consultation with the Governor of the State concerned, make fresh orders redefining the areas which are to

be Scheduled Areas;]

and any such order may contain such incidental and consequential provisions as appear to the President to

be necessary and proper, but save as aforesaid, the order made under sub-paragraph (1) of this paragraph

shall not be varied by any subsequent order.

PART D

AMENDMENT OF THE SCHEDULE

7. Amendment of the Schedule.—(1) Parliament may from time to time by law amend by way of addition,

variation or repeal any of the provisions of this Schedule and, when the Schedule is so amended, any

reference to this Schedule in this Constitution shall be construed as a reference to such Schedule as so

amended.

(2) No such law as is mentioned in sub-paragraph (1) of this paragraph shall be deemed to be an

amendment of this Constitution for the purposes of article 368.

*******